Overview of drivers

This page describes the drivers that are supported for Spanner for GoogleSQL-dialect databases and PostgreSQL-dialect databases.

Google supports open-source Spanner drivers for several popular object-relational mapping libraries (ORMs) and frameworks. These drivers allow the use of Spanner databases through APIs defined by those frameworks.

The following tables list all the open-source ORMs and drivers that are supported for Spanner and the features that each one supports. There is one table for each supported SQL dialect.

You can also use the Spanner client libraries to access the Spanner API. For more information, see Spanner client libraries .

GoogleSQL drivers and ORMs

Feature	database/sql	GORM	Spanner JDBC	Hibernate	Spring Data	R2DBC *	ADO.NET	Entity Framework	Active Record	SQLAlchemy	Django
Language	Go	Go	Java	Java	Java	Java	C#	C#	Ruby	Python	Python
Statement hints						†
Mutations
Batch DML
Batch DDL
Stale reads
Interleaved tables
Partitioned DML
Session labeling
Request priority
JSON type
Request tagging
Google SQL dialect
PostgreSQL dialect
Limitations	N/A	View	N/A	View	N/A	N/A	N/A	View	View	View	View

* This column describes R2DBC when used specifically with Spring Data.
† Available only when sending literal SQL queries, by using the Spring Data @Query annotation.

PostgreSQL drivers and ORMs

All PostgreSQL drivers require the PGAdapter proxy to be running. For more information, see About PGAdapter .

Supported drivers

Feature	Spanner JDBC	PostgreSQL JDBC	pgx	psycopg2	psycopg3	node-postgres	Npgsql	R2DBC	ADBC
Language	Java	Java	Go	Python	Python	Node.js	.NET	Java	Python
Statement hints
Mutations
Batch DML
Batch DDL
Stale reads
Interleaved tables
Partitioned DML
Session labeling
Request priority
Request tagging
Limitations	N/A	View	View	View	View	View	N/A	N/A	View

Supported ORMs

Feature	Hibernate	Spring Data	GORM	SQLAlchemy 2
Language	Java	Java	Go	Python
Statement hints
Mutations
Batch DML
Batch DDL
Stale reads
Interleaved tables
Partitioned DML
Session labeling
Request priority
Request tagging
Limitations	View	View	View	View

Supported IDEs and SQL clients

The following tools can connect to PostgreSQL-dialect databases by using PGAdapter.

Tool	Guide	Notes
IntelliJ / DataGrip	Setup guide	Requires PGAdapter.
DBeaver	Setup guide	Requires PGAdapter.
psql	Setup guide	Standard PostgreSQL command-line tool.

Other integrations

Tool	Language	Guide	Notes
postgres_fdw	C / Extension	Example	Foreign Data Wrapper for PostgreSQL.
connectorx	Python / Rust	Example	High-performance data loading library.
Liquibase	Java	Example	Database schema change management.