★未来完了時制の場合は「By the end of the year」「By next year」「By the end of the week」「By next week」ような「~までに」という意味の「By」で始まる語句が文頭にくることが多いです。 By the end of the week
, a majority of the applicants will have finished
a final interview.
★通常、「when」を使った疑問文では現在完了形は使いません。 ○When did you finish your breakfast? ×When have you finish your breakfast?
関係詞
★カンマの直後には「which」がくるのが原則です。 The computer , which
I bought five years ago, is now old-fashioned.
★前置詞の直後に、関係代名詞の「that」がくることはありません。基本は「前置詞 + which」、「前置詞 + whom」です。 Please describe a project for which
you were the team leader.
★関係詞が疑問代名詞を修飾する場合は、関係代名詞の「that」が使われます。 Who that
has common sense dare say such a thing?
★「all」「the only」「the first」などに先行詞が修飾されている場合は、関係代名詞の「that」が使われます。 All
the pedestrians and vehicles that
approach this place will be checked by the police.
★「前置詞 + 関係詞」の構文では、関係詞に「who」と「that」は使えません ○This is the room which
I like. ○This is the room that
I like.
○This is the room in which
I sleep. ×This is the room in that I sleep. ×This is the room that I sleep.
★「たとえ~しても」という副詞の固まりを作る場合は「~ever」と「no matter~」を入れ替えできます。 ○ Whatever
you say to him, he won’t come to the party. ○ No matter what
you say to him, he won’t come to the party.
★「~するものは何でも」などの意味で名詞の固まりを作る場合は「~ever」のみ使われます。 ○You can do whatever
you want to do. ×You can do no matter what you want to do.
★先行詞が場所を表す名詞の場合、「前置詞 + which」の代わりに「where」を使うことができます。 ○This is the restaurant in which
I had dinner with my wife last night. ○This is the restaurant where
I had dinner with my wife last night.
○This is the restaurant which
I like most. ×This is the restaurant where I like most.
★「those」は「people」の意味で使われることがよくあります。 those
who take the exam. 「その試験を受ける人々」 those
present at the party. 「そのバーティに出席している人々」