A
Simple Pure-relational (Chinese) (?U)−, (?V)−, (?W)a, Degree of fusion Isolating, Degree of Synthesis Analytic
B
Complex Pure-relational (Polynesian) (?U) b, (d), (?V)−, (?W)a, Degree of Synthesis Agglutinative isolating, Degree of Synthesis Analytic
,
Complex Pure-relational (Japanese) (?U) b, (?V)−, (?W) b, Degree of Synthesis Agglutinative, Degree of Synthesis Analytic
C
Simple Mixed-relational (French) (?U) (c), (?V) c, (d), (?W) a, Degree of Synthesis Fusional, Degree of Synthesis Analytic (mildly synthetic)
D
Complex Mixed-relational (English) (?U) c, (?V) c, d, (?W)a, Degree of Synthesis Fusional, Degree of Synthesis Analytic
Complex Mixed-relational (Latin, Greek) (?U) c, d, (?V) c, d, (?W)−, Degree of Synthesis Fusional (symbolic), Degree of Synthesis Synthetic
Complex Mixed-relational (German) (?U) c, (?V) c, d, (?W) c, Degree of Synthesis Fusional, Degree of Synthesis Synthetic
Japanese keeps its radical concepts purely and it gathers the indivisible elements (conjugation of verbs and adjectives) (Type B). When a proposition is given, the concrete concepts are interrelated in Japanese (pluralism and particles).
German mixes the basic relational concepts are with concrete concepts and it gathers the indivisible elements (conjugation of verbs, adjectives and nouns) (Type D). When a proposition is given, the concrete concepts are also interrelated in German (pluralism, gender of nouns and articles).
As to (?U), (?V) and (?W), Japanese is related to Chinese and German is related to English.
The characters a, b, c and d are respectively isolation, agglutination, fusion and symbolism. The following formula may be mathematically useful. Agglutination: c = (goodness) = a + b; regular fusion: c (books) = a + (b - x) + x; irregular fusion: c (depth) = (a - x) + (b - y) + (x + y); symbolic fusion: c (geese) = (a - x) + x. (Sapir: 2002)
However, the degree of fusion and the level of synthesis are not the same. For example, Japanese has the fusion with nouns by “te-ni-wo-ha”, while German has the fusion by “articles, adjectives and nouns” (ein guter Professor: nominative, masculine gender and single). Furthermore, Japanese makes compounds economically, while German compounds are developed significantly.
花村嘉英著（2015）「从?知?言学的角度浅析?迅作品−魯迅をシナジーで読む」より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
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