Edo, now named Tokyo, was the seat(中心地)of power during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867). This period brought much needed stability to Japan. The shogun's national authority, combined with the daimyo's regional authority, permitted the administration of both centralized and decentralized authorities. Literacy(読み書き能力)spread, farming techniques improved, and interregional trade expanded during this period; nevertheless, the last Tokugawa shogun resigned in 1867