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    Manage users with IAM database authentication

    This page describes how to add and manage users, service accounts, and groups to a Cloud SQL instance that uses IAM database authentication.

    For more information about the IAM integration, see IAM authentication .

    Before you begin

    1. Sign in to your Google Cloud account. If you're new to Google Cloud, create an account to evaluate how our products perform in real-world scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and deploy workloads.

    2. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

      Go to project selector

    3. Verify that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project .

    4. Install the gcloud CLI .

    5. If you're using an external identity provider (IdP), you must first sign in to the gcloud CLI with your federated identity .

    6. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

      gcloud  
init

    7. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

      Go to project selector

    8. Verify that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project .

    9. Install the gcloud CLI .

    10. If you're using an external identity provider (IdP), you must first sign in to the gcloud CLI with your federated identity .

    11. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

      gcloud  
init
    12. Make sure you have the Cloud SQL Admin role on your user account.

      Go to the IAM page

    13. Enable IAM database authentication on your Cloud SQL instance.
    14. Assign the necessary cloudsql.instanceUser IAM role to IAM principals such as IAM users , service accounts , or groups to log in to the Cloud SQL instance.
      • If you are adding an individual user or individual service account to the Cloud SQL instance, then you need to assign the IAM role individually to each user and service account.
      • If you are adding a group, then you need to assign the IAM role to the group as the members of the group automatically inherit the IAM permissions associated with the IAM role. For more information about creating groups in Cloud Identity, see Create and manage Google groups in the Google Cloud console .
      • You can grant the role on a project that contains Cloud SQL instances by using the IAM page of Google Cloud console, the gcloud CLI , Terraform, or the Cloud SQL Admin API. For more information, see Add an Add an IAM policy binding to a user, service account, or group .
    15. If you are using a service account, then make sure you have added a service account for each service that requires access to databases in the project.

      16. For more information about creating service accounts, see Create service accounts .

    Add an IAM policy binding to a user, service account, or group

    This procedure adds a policy binding to the IAM policy of a specific project, given a project ID and the binding. The binding command consists of a member, a role, and an optional condition.

    The database username must be the IAM user's email address, for example example-user@example.com . It must be all lowercase and use quotes because it contains special characters ( @ and . ).

    Console

    1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the IAM page.

      Go to IAM

    2. Click Add.
    3. In New members, enter an email address. You can add individual users, service accounts, or groups as members, but every project must have at least one principal as a member.
    4. In Role, navigate to Cloud SQLand select Cloud SQL Instance User.
    5. Optional: If you want to connect using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy or Cloud SQL Language Connectors, then also select Cloud SQL Client.
    6. Click Save.

    gcloud

    Run gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding with the --role=roles/cloudsql.instanceUser flag.

    Add a policy binding to a user account

    Replace the following:

    • PROJECT_ID : the ID for the project you want to authorize the user to use.
    • USERNAME : the email address for the user.
      
gcloud  
projects  
add-iam-policy-binding  
 PROJECT_ID 
  
 \ 
  
--member = 
user: USERNAME 
  
 \ 
  
--role = 
roles/cloudsql.instanceUser

    If you want to connect using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy or Cloud SQL Language Connectors, then run gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding again with the --role=roles/cloudsql.client flag.

    Add a policy binding to a service account

    Replace the following:

    • PROJECT_ID : the ID for the project you want to authorize the user to use.
    • SERVICE_ACCT : the email address for the service account.
      
gcloud  
projects  
add-iam-policy-binding  
 PROJECT_ID 
  
 \ 
  
--member = 
serviceAccount: SERVICE_ACCT 
  
 \ 
  
--role = 
roles/cloudsql.instanceUser

    If you want to connect using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy or Cloud SQL Language Connectors, then run gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding again with the --role=roles/cloudsql.client flag.

    Add a policy binding to a Cloud Identity group

    Replace the following:

    • PROJECT_ID : The ID for the project that you want to authorize members of the group to use.
    • GROUP_EMAIL_ADDRESS : The email address for the group. For example, example-group@example.com .
      
gcloud  
projects  
add-iam-policy-binding  
 PROJECT_ID 
  
 \ 
  
--member = 
group: GROUP_EMAIL_ADDRESS 
  
 \ 
  
--role = 
roles/cloudsql.instanceUser

    All members of the specified group are granted the Cloud SQL Instance User role and can log in to instances in this project.

    If you want to connect using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy or Cloud SQL Language Connectors, then run gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding again with the --role=roles/cloudsql.client flag.

    Terraform

    To add the required policy-binding to the IAM user and service accounts, use a Terraform resource .

     data "google_project" "project" {
}

resource "google_project_iam_binding" "cloud_sql_user" {
  project = data.google_project.project.project_id
  role    = "roles/cloudsql.instanceUser"
  members = [
    "user:test-user@example.com",
    "serviceAccount:${google_service_account.default.email}"
  ]
}

resource "google_project_iam_binding" "cloud_sql_client" {
  project = data.google_project.project.project_id
  role    = "roles/cloudsql.client"
  members = [
    "user:test-user@example.com",
    "serviceAccount:${google_service_account.default.email}"
  ]
}

    Apply the changes

    To apply your Terraform configuration in a Google Cloud project, complete the steps in the following sections.

    Prepare Cloud Shell

    1. Launch Cloud Shell .

    2. Set the default Google Cloud project where you want to apply your Terraform configurations.

      You only need to run this command once per project, and you can run it in any directory.

      export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT= PROJECT_ID

      Environment variables are overridden if you set explicit values in the Terraform configuration file.

    Prepare the directory

    Each Terraform configuration file must have its own directory (also called a root module ).

    1. In Cloud Shell , create a directory and a new file within that directory. The filename must have the .tf extension—for example main.tf . In this tutorial, the file is referred to as main.tf . 
      mkdir DIRECTORY 
&& cd DIRECTORY 
&& touch main.tf

    2. If you are following a tutorial, you can copy the sample code in each section or step.

      Copy the sample code into the newly created main.tf .

      Optionally, copy the code from GitHub. This is recommended when the Terraform snippet is part of an end-to-end solution.

    3. Review and modify the sample parameters to apply to your environment.
    4. Save your changes.
    5. Initialize Terraform. You only need to do this once per directory. 
      terraform init

      Optionally, to use the latest Google provider version, include the -upgrade option:

      terraform init -upgrade

    Apply the changes

    1. Review the configuration and verify that the resources that Terraform is going to create or update match your expectations: 
      terraform plan

      Make corrections to the configuration as necessary.

    2. Apply the Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt: 
      terraform apply

      Wait until Terraform displays the "Apply complete!" message.

    3. Open your Google Cloud project to view the results. In the Google Cloud console, navigate to your resources in the UI to make sure that Terraform has created or updated them.

    Delete the changes

    To delete your changes, do the following:

    1. To disable deletion protection, in your Terraform configuration file set the deletion_protection argument to false . 
      deletion_protection =  "false"
    2. Apply the updated Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt: 
      terraform apply

    1. Remove resources previously applied with your Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt:

      terraform destroy

    Terraform

    To add the required policy-binding to the IAM user and service accounts, use a Terraform resource .

     data "google_project" "project" {
}

resource "google_project_iam_binding" "cloud_sql_user" {
  project = data.google_project.project.project_id
  role    = "roles/cloudsql.instanceUser"
  members = [
    "group:example-group@example.com"
  ]
}

    Apply the changes

    To apply your Terraform configuration in a Google Cloud project, complete the steps in the following sections.

    Prepare Cloud Shell

    1. Launch Cloud Shell .

    2. Set the default Google Cloud project where you want to apply your Terraform configurations.

      You only need to run this command once per project, and you can run it in any directory.

      export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT= PROJECT_ID

      Environment variables are overridden if you set explicit values in the Terraform configuration file.

    Prepare the directory

    Each Terraform configuration file must have its own directory (also called a root module ).

    1. In Cloud Shell , create a directory and a new file within that directory. The filename must have the .tf extension—for example main.tf . In this tutorial, the file is referred to as main.tf . 
      mkdir DIRECTORY 
&& cd DIRECTORY 
&& touch main.tf

    2. If you are following a tutorial, you can copy the sample code in each section or step.

      Copy the sample code into the newly created main.tf .

      Optionally, copy the code from GitHub. This is recommended when the Terraform snippet is part of an end-to-end solution.

    3. Review and modify the sample parameters to apply to your environment.
    4. Save your changes.
    5. Initialize Terraform. You only need to do this once per directory. 
      terraform init

      Optionally, to use the latest Google provider version, include the -upgrade option:

      terraform init -upgrade

    Apply the changes

    1. Review the configuration and verify that the resources that Terraform is going to create or update match your expectations: 
      terraform plan

      Make corrections to the configuration as necessary.

    2. Apply the Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt: 
      terraform apply

      Wait until Terraform displays the "Apply complete!" message.

    3. Open your Google Cloud project to view the results. In the Google Cloud console, navigate to your resources in the UI to make sure that Terraform has created or updated them.

    Delete the changes

    To delete your changes, do the following:

    1. To disable deletion protection, in your Terraform configuration file set the deletion_protection argument to false . 
      deletion_protection =  "false"
    2. Apply the updated Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt: 
      terraform apply

    1. Remove resources previously applied with your Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt:

      terraform destroy

    REST

    Grant the cloudsql.instanceUser and cloudsql.client roles to both types of accounts by editing the JSON or YAML binding policy returned by the get-iam-policy command. Note that this policy change does not take effect until you set the updated policy .

      
 { 
  
 "role" 
:  
 "roles/cloudsql.instanceUser" 
,  
 "members" 
:  
 [ 
  
 "user:example-user@example.com" 
  
 "serviceAccount:service1@sql.iam.gserviceaccount.com" 
  
 "group:example-group@example.com" 
  
 ] 
  
 } 
  
 { 
  
 "role" 
:  
 "roles/cloudsql.client" 
,  
 "members" 
:  
 [ 
  
 "user:example-user@example.com" 
  
 "serviceAccount:service1@sql.iam.gserviceaccount.com" 
  
 ] 
  
 }

    Add an individual IAM user or service account to a Cloud SQL instance

    You must create a new user account for each individual IAM user or service account that you are adding to the Cloud SQL instance in order to access databases. If you are adding an IAM group, then you don't need to create a user account for each member of that group.

    The database username must be the IAM user's email address and all lowercase. For example, example-user@example.com .

    When using REST commands, the username must use quotes because it contains special characters ( @ and . ). Service accounts use the format service-account-name@project-id.iam.gserviceaccount.com .

    To add an individual IAM user or service account, you add a new user account and select IAM as the authentication method:

    Console

    1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

      Go to Cloud SQL Instances

    2. To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
    3. Select Usersfrom the SQL navigation menu.
    4. Click Add user account. The Add a user account to instance instance_name tab opens.
    5. Click the Cloud IAMradio button.
    6. Add the email address for the user or service account you want to add in the Principalfield.
    7. Click Add. The user or service account is now in the user account list.

    8. If the user doesn't have the cloudsql.instanceUser IAM role assigned after user account creation, then atriangleicon appears next to the username.

      To give the user login permissions, click the icon, and then select Add IAM role . If the icon no longer appears, then the user account is assigned the IAM role that gives the login permission.

    gcloud

    Create a user account

    Use the email, such as example-user@example.com , to identify the user.

    Replace the following:

    • USERNAME : the email address for the user.
    • INSTANCE_NAME : the name of the instance you want to authorize the user to access.
    gcloud  
sql  
users  
create  
 USERNAME 
  
 \ 
--instance = 
 INSTANCE_NAME 
  
 \ 
--type = 
cloud_iam_user

    Create a service account

    Replace the following:

    • SERVICE_ACCT : the email address of the service account.
    • INSTANCE_NAME : the name of the instance you want to authorize the service account to access.
    gcloud  
sql  
users  
create  
 SERVICE_ACCT 
  
 \ 
--instance = 
 INSTANCE_NAME 
  
 \ 
--type = 
cloud_iam_service_account

    Terraform

    To add IAM user and service accounts on an instance with IAM database authentication enabled, use a Terraform resource .

     resource "google_sql_database_instance" "default" {
  name             = "postgres-db-auth-instance-name-test"
  region           = "us-west4"
  database_version = "POSTGRES_14"
  settings {
    tier = "db-custom-2-7680"
    database_flags {
      name  = "cloudsql.iam_authentication"
      value = "on"
    }
  }
}

# Specify the email address of the IAM user to add to the instance
# This resource does not create a new IAM user account; this account must
# already exist

resource "google_sql_user" "iam_user" {
  name     = "test-user@example.com"
  instance = google_sql_database_instance.default.name
  type     = "CLOUD_IAM_USER"
}

# Specify the email address of the IAM service account to add to the instance
# This resource does not create a new IAM service account; this service account
# must already exist

# Create a new IAM service account

resource "google_service_account" "default" {
  account_id   = "cloud-sql-postgres-sa"
  display_name = "Cloud SQL for Postgres Service Account"
}

resource "google_sql_user" "iam_service_account_user" {
  # Note: for PostgreSQL only, Google Cloud requires that you omit the
  # ".gserviceaccount.com" suffix
  # from the service account email due to length limits on database usernames.
  name     = trimsuffix(google_service_account.default.email, ".gserviceaccount.com")
  instance = google_sql_database_instance.default.name
  type     = "CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT"
}

    Apply the changes

    To apply your Terraform configuration in a Google Cloud project, complete the steps in the following sections.

    Prepare Cloud Shell

    1. Launch Cloud Shell .

    2. Set the default Google Cloud project where you want to apply your Terraform configurations.

      You only need to run this command once per project, and you can run it in any directory.

      export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT= PROJECT_ID

      Environment variables are overridden if you set explicit values in the Terraform configuration file.

    Prepare the directory

    Each Terraform configuration file must have its own directory (also called a root module ).

    1. In Cloud Shell , create a directory and a new file within that directory. The filename must have the .tf extension—for example main.tf . In this tutorial, the file is referred to as main.tf . 
      mkdir DIRECTORY 
&& cd DIRECTORY 
&& touch main.tf

    2. If you are following a tutorial, you can copy the sample code in each section or step.

      Copy the sample code into the newly created main.tf .

      Optionally, copy the code from GitHub. This is recommended when the Terraform snippet is part of an end-to-end solution.

    3. Review and modify the sample parameters to apply to your environment.
    4. Save your changes.
    5. Initialize Terraform. You only need to do this once per directory. 
      terraform init

      Optionally, to use the latest Google provider version, include the -upgrade option:

      terraform init -upgrade

    Apply the changes

    1. Review the configuration and verify that the resources that Terraform is going to create or update match your expectations: 
      terraform plan

      Make corrections to the configuration as necessary.

    2. Apply the Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt: 
      terraform apply

      Wait until Terraform displays the "Apply complete!" message.

    3. Open your Google Cloud project to view the results. In the Google Cloud console, navigate to your resources in the UI to make sure that Terraform has created or updated them.

    Delete the changes

    To delete your changes, do the following:

    1. To disable deletion protection, in your Terraform configuration file set the deletion_protection argument to false . 
      deletion_protection =  "false"
    2. Apply the updated Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt: 
      terraform apply

    1. Remove resources previously applied with your Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt:

      terraform destroy

    REST v1

    Create a user account

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • PROJECT_ID : the project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : the instance ID for the instance you are adding the user to
    • USERNAME : the email address for the user

    HTTP method and URL:

    POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users

    Request JSON body:

    {
  "name": " USERNAME 
",
  "type": "CLOUD_IAM_USER"
}

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.656Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.686Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:20.437Z",
  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",
  "name": " OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetId": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/operations/ OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetProject": " PROJECT_ID 
"
}

    Create a service account

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • SERVICE_ACCT : the service account email
    • PROJECT_ID : the project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : the instance ID for the instance you are adding the service account to

    HTTP method and URL:

    POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users

    Request JSON body:

    {
    "name": " SERVICE_ACCT 
",
    "type": "CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT"
}

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
"kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-11-20T04:08:00.211Z",
  "startTime": "2020-11-20T04:08:00.240Z",
  "endTime": "2020-11-20T04:08:02.003Z",
  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",
  "name": " OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetId": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/operations/ OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetProject": " PROJECT_ID 
"
}

    REST v1beta4

    Create a user account

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • PROJECT_ID : the project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : the instance ID for the instance you are adding the user to
    • USERNAME : the email address for the user

    HTTP method and URL:

    POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users

    Request JSON body:

    {
  "name": " USERNAME 
",
  "type": "CLOUD_IAM_USER"
  }

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.656Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.686Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:20.437Z",
  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",
  "name": " OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetId": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/operations/ OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetProject": " PROJECT_ID 
"
}

    Create a service account

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • SERVICE_ACCT : the service account email
    • PROJECT_ID : the project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : the instance ID for the instance you are adding the service account to

    HTTP method and URL:

    POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users

    Request JSON body:

    {
    "name": " SERVICE_ACCT 
",
    "type": "CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT"
}

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
"kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-11-20T04:08:00.211Z",
  "startTime": "2020-11-20T04:08:00.240Z",
  "endTime": "2020-11-20T04:08:02.003Z",
  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",
  "name": " OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetId": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/operations/ OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetProject": " PROJECT_ID 
"
}

    Add an IAM group to a Cloud SQL instance

    To use IAM group authentication and add an IAM group to a Cloud SQL instance, use one of the procedures in this section. After you add the IAM group, you don't need to add the individual group members to the instance. For more information, see Add members of a group to a Cloud SQL instance automatically .

    IAM group names have the same length limitations as PostgreSQL identifiers and can only be 63 characters long.

    If you have an IAM group with a name that exceeds a database engine's username length limitation, then you can still use it for IAM group authentication by nesting it under a parent IAM group that has a name that complies with the length limitation. The parent IAM group must be added to the instance before the nested group can be used.

    Console

    1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

      Go to Cloud SQL Instances

    2. To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
    3. Select Users from the SQL navigation menu.
    4. Click Add user account . The Add a user account to instance instance_name tab opens.
    5. Click the Cloud IAM radio button.
    6. Add the email address for the group you want to add in the Principal field.
    7. Click Add . The group is now in the user list.

    8. If the group doesn't have the cloudsql.instanceUser IAM role assigned after user account creation, then atriangleicon appears next to the group.

      To give the group members login permissions, click the icon, and then select Add IAM role . If the icon no longer appears, then all members of the group are assigned the role that gives the login permission.

    gcloud

    Replace the following:

    • GROUP_EMAIL_ADDRESS : the email address of the Cloud Identity group that you want to add to the instance. For example, example-group@example.com.
    • INSTANCE_NAME : the name of the instance where you want to add the group.

    Run the following command:

    gcloud  
sql  
users  
create  
 GROUP_EMAIL_ADDRESS 
  
 \ 
  
--instance = 
 INSTANCE_NAME 
  
 \ 
  
--type = 
cloud_iam_group

    Terraform

    To add IAM user and service accounts on an instance with IAM database authentication enabled, use a Terraform resource .

     resource "google_sql_database_instance" "default" {
  name             = "postgres-iam-group-auth-instance-name"
  region           = "us-west4"
  database_version = "POSTGRES_16"
  settings {
    tier = "db-custom-2-7680"
    database_flags {
      name  = "cloudsql.iam_authentication"
      value = "on"
    }
  }
}

# Specify the email address of the Cloud Identity group to add to the instance
# This resource does not create a Cloud Identity group; the group must
# already exist

resource "google_sql_user" "iam_group" {
  name     = "example-group@example.com"
  instance = google_sql_database_instance.default.name
  type     = "CLOUD_IAM_GROUP"
}

data "google_project" "project" {
}

resource "google_project_iam_binding" "cloud_sql_user" {
  project = data.google_project.project.project_id
  role    = "roles/cloudsql.instanceUser"
  members = [
    "group:example-group@example.com"
  ]
}

    Apply the changes

    To apply your Terraform configuration in a Google Cloud project, complete the steps in the following sections.

    Prepare Cloud Shell

    1. Launch Cloud Shell .

    2. Set the default Google Cloud project where you want to apply your Terraform configurations.

      You only need to run this command once per project, and you can run it in any directory.

      export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT= PROJECT_ID

      Environment variables are overridden if you set explicit values in the Terraform configuration file.

    Prepare the directory

    Each Terraform configuration file must have its own directory (also called a root module ).

    1. In Cloud Shell , create a directory and a new file within that directory. The filename must have the .tf extension—for example main.tf . In this tutorial, the file is referred to as main.tf . 
      mkdir DIRECTORY 
&& cd DIRECTORY 
&& touch main.tf

    2. If you are following a tutorial, you can copy the sample code in each section or step.

      Copy the sample code into the newly created main.tf .

      Optionally, copy the code from GitHub. This is recommended when the Terraform snippet is part of an end-to-end solution.

    3. Review and modify the sample parameters to apply to your environment.
    4. Save your changes.
    5. Initialize Terraform. You only need to do this once per directory. 
      terraform init

      Optionally, to use the latest Google provider version, include the -upgrade option:

      terraform init -upgrade

    Apply the changes

    1. Review the configuration and verify that the resources that Terraform is going to create or update match your expectations: 
      terraform plan

      Make corrections to the configuration as necessary.

    2. Apply the Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt: 
      terraform apply

      Wait until Terraform displays the "Apply complete!" message.

    3. Open your Google Cloud project to view the results. In the Google Cloud console, navigate to your resources in the UI to make sure that Terraform has created or updated them.

    Delete the changes

    To delete your changes, do the following:

    1. To disable deletion protection, in your Terraform configuration file set the deletion_protection argument to false . 
      deletion_protection =  "false"
    2. Apply the updated Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt: 
      terraform apply

    1. Remove resources previously applied with your Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt:

      terraform destroy

    REST v1

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • PROJECT_ID : the project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : the instance ID for the instance you are adding the Cloud Identity group to
    • GROUP_EMAIL : the email address for the Cloud Identity group

    HTTP method and URL:

    POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users

    Request JSON body:

    {
  "name": " GROUP_EMAIL 
",
  "type": "CLOUD_IAM_GROUP"
}

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "example-group@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2023-12-07T22:44:16.656Z",
  "startTime": "2023-12-07T22:44:16.686Z",
  "endTime": "2023-12-07T22:44:20.437Z",
  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",
  "name": " OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetId": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/operations/ OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetProject": " PROJECT_ID 
"
}

    REST v1beta4

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • PROJECT_ID : the project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : the instance ID for the instance you are adding the Cloud Identity group to
    • GROUP_EMAIL : the email address for the Cloud Identity group

    HTTP method and URL:

    POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users

    Request JSON body:

    {
  "name": " GROUP_EMAIL 
",
  "type": "CLOUD_IAM_GROUP"
}

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "example-group@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2023-12-07T22:44:16.656Z",
  "startTime": "2023-12-07T22:44:16.686Z",
  "endTime": "2023-12-07T22:44:20.437Z",
  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",
  "name": " OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetId": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/operations/ OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetProject": " PROJECT_ID 
"
}

    Add members of a group to a Cloud SQL instance automatically

    When you add an IAM group to a Cloud SQL instance, all members (users and service accounts) of that group inherit the IAM permissions to authenticate to the instance. You don't need to add the group member individually to the Cloud SQL instance. After a group member logs in and authenticates successfully to the primary instance for the first time, Cloud SQL creates a group user account or group service account for that group member. You can view the group member listed on the instance after their first successful login.

    Upon failover, as long as the failover instance has the appropriate groups, IAM group users can continue to log in and be created.

    For more information about login, see Log in using IAM database authentication .

    Migrate existing IAM users to use IAM group authentication

    Existing IAM users of type CLOUD_IAM_USER or CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT don't use IAM group authentication.

    You can migrate these users to use IAM group authentication.

    1. Add these users to a group.

    2. Add the group to your instance.

    3. Assign the group sufficient IAM permissions to let group members connect to your instances. These changes might take time to propagate. For more information about propagation times, see Access change propagation .

    4. Assign database privileges assigned to the IAM users you are migrating to the group.

    5. After group membership changes and IAM permissions are applied, delete the existing IAM user from your instance. The next time that the IAM user logs in successfully, the user is recreated as an IAM group user which can use IAM group authentication.

    Manage group members on a Cloud SQL instance

    When you add an IAM group to a Cloud SQL instance, all members (user or service accounts) of that group inherit the IAM permission to authenticate to the instance. You can control access to an instance by managing the group in Cloud Identity. For example, if you want to give a new user access to an instance, then add the user as a group member in Cloud Identity. You don't need to remove or add group members separately at the Cloud SQL instance level because changes to group membership are propagated from to the Cloud SQL instance automatically. Changes to group membership, such as the addition or removal of a member, take about 15 minutes to propagate. The 15 minute propagation delay from Cloud SQL happens in parallel with the time required for IAM changes to propagate .

    Granting or revoking database privileges for an IAM group in PostgreSQL takes effect immediately. For example, if you revoke access to a table, members of that IAM group lose access to that table instantly.

    It's possible for a user or service account to be a member of multiple IAM groups. If a user or service account belongs to multiple IAM groups on an instance, then they have all the IAM permissions and database privileges combined from each of those IAM groups.

    When you add a new member (user or service account) to the IAM group in Cloud Identity and they log in to the instance successfully for the first time, then they inherit the database privileges granted to the group automatically.

    Grant database privileges to an individual IAM user or service account

    When an individual IAM user or service is added to a Cloud SQL instance, that new account is granted no privileges on any databases, by default. They can only run queries against any database object whose access has been granted to PUBLIC .

    If they need additional access, then more privileges can be granted using the GRANT statement. See the GRANT reference page for a complete list of privileges you can grant to users and service accounts. Run GRANT from the command line.

    Replace the following:

    • USERNAME : the email address for the user. You must use quotes around the email because it contains special characters ( @ and . )
    • TABLE_NAME : the name of the table that you want to give the user access to.
    grant  
 select 
  
on  
 TABLE_NAME 
  
to  
 " USERNAME 
" 
 ;

    Grant database privileges to an IAM group

    When you use IAM group authentication, you grant database privileges to IAM groups instead of granting privileges to individual users or service accounts. By default, when you add an IAM group to a Cloud SQL instance, the group has no database privileges.

    To give the database privileges to IAM group, use the GRANT statement. After they log in to the Cloud SQL instance for the first time, each group member (including users and service accounts) inherit the database privileges granted to the group automatically.

    Replace the following:

    • GROUP_NAME : the email address of the Cloud Identity group, including the @ and the domain name. For example, if the IAM group's email address is example-group@example.com , then the group name is example-group@example.com . You must use quotes around the group name because the string contains special characters ( @ and . )
    • TABLE_NAME : the name of the table that you want to give the user access to.

    Run GRANT from the psql command line.

    grant  
 select 
  
on  
 TABLE_NAME 
  
to  
 " GROUP_NAME 
" 
 ;

    For more information about granting privileges, see the GRANT reference page in the PostgreSQL documentation.

    The database privileges that you grant to the IAM group take effect immediately.

    View IAM users, service accounts, and groups added to a Cloud SQL instance

    To view the IAM users, service accounts, and groups that have been added to your Cloud SQL instance, run the following commands.

    Console

    1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

      Go to Cloud SQL Instances

    2. To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
    3. Select Users from the SQL navigation menu. The page displays a list of IAM users, service accounts, and Cloud Identity groups that have been added to your instance.
    4. Optional: To view a list of IAM users or service accounts that have already logged in to the instance, click Authenticated IAM group members .

    gcloud

    Replace INSTANCE_NAME with the name of the instance that has the groups you want to view.

      
gcloud  
sql  
users  
list  
--instance = 
 INSTANCE_NAME

    Groups have a user type of CLOUD_IAM_GROUP .

    The output also lists user and service accounts on your Cloud SQL instance.

    • User accounts that are members of a group have the type of CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_USER .
    • Service accounts that are members of a group have the type CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_SERVICE_ACCOUNT .
    • User accounts that are individual IAM database authentication user accounts have the type of CLOUD_IAM_USER .
    • Service accounts that are individual IAM database authentication service accounts have the type of CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT .

    REST v1

    The following request uses the users.list method to list the users who have accounts on the Cloud SQL instance.

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • PROJECT_ID : the project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : the instance ID

    HTTP method and URL:

    GET https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users/list

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
  "kind": "sql#usersList",
  "items": [
    {
     "kind": "sql#user",
     "etag": "--redacted--",
     "name": "example-service-acct@ PROJECT_ID 
.iam",
     "host": "",
     "instance": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
     "project": " PROJECT_ID 
",
     "type": "CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT"
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "another-example-service-acct@ PROJECT_ID 
.iam",
      "host": "",
      "instance": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
      "project": " PROJECT_ID 
",
      "type": "CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_SERVICE_ACCOUNT"
     },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "postgres",
      "host": "",
      "instance": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
      "project": " PROJECT_ID 
",
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "example-user@example.com",
      "host": "",
      "instance": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
      "project": " PROJECT_ID 
",
      "type": "CLOUD_IAM_USER"
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "another-example-user@example.com",
      "host": "",
      "instance": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
      "project": " PROJECT_ID 
",
      "type": "CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_USER"
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "example-group@example.com",
      "host": "",
      "instance": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
      "project": " PROJECT_ID 
",
      "type": "CLOUD_IAM_GROUP"
    }
  ]
}

    Groups have a user type of CLOUD_IAM_GROUP .

    The output also lists user and service accounts on your Cloud SQL instance.

    • User accounts that are members of a group have the type of CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_USER .
    • Service accounts that are members of a group have the type CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_SERVICE_ACCOUNT .
    • User accounts that are individual IAM database authentication user accounts have the type of CLOUD_IAM_USER .
    • Service accounts that are individual IAM database authentication service accounts have the type of CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT .

    REST v1beta4

    The following request uses the users.list method to list the users who have accounts on the Cloud SQL instance.

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • project-id : Your project ID
    • instance-id : The desired instance ID

    HTTP method and URL:

    GET https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ project-id 
/instances/ instance-id 
/users

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
  "kind": "sql#usersList",
  "items": [
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "sqlserver",
      "host": "",
      "instance": " instance-id 
",
      "project": " project-id 
",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": " user-id-1 
",
      "host": "",
      "instance": " instance-id 
",
      "project": " project-id 
",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": " user-id-2 
",
      "host": "",
      "instance": " instance-id 
",
      "project": " project-id 
",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      ...
    },
    {
      ...
    }
  ]
}

    Groups have a user type of CLOUD_IAM_GROUP .

    The output also lists user and service accounts on your Cloud SQL instance.

    • User accounts that are members of a group have the type of CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_USER .
    • Service accounts that are members of a group have the type CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_SERVICE_ACCOUNT .
    • User accounts that are individual IAM database authentication user accounts have the type of CLOUD_IAM_USER .
    • Service accounts that are individual IAM database authentication service accounts have the type of CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT .

    Remove an individual IAM user or service account from a Cloud SQL instance

    To remove an individual user or service account that is not a member of a group from the Cloud SQL instance, you delete that account by using the following command:

    Console

    1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

      Go to Cloud SQL Instances

    2. To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
    3. Select Usersfrom the SQL navigation menu.
    4. Click for the user you want to remove.
    5. Select Remove. This revokes access to this instance only.

    gcloud

    Revoke a user

    Use the email, such as example-user@example.com , to identify the user.

    Replace the following:

    • USERNAME : the email address.
    • INSTANCE_NAME : the name of the instance you want to remove the user from.
    gcloud  
sql  
users  
delete  
 USERNAME 
  
 \ 
--instance = 
 INSTANCE_NAME

    Delete the individual service account

    Replace the following:

    • SERVICE_ACCT : the email address of the service account.
    • INSTANCE_NAME : the name of the instance you want to remove the user from.
    gcloud  
sql  
users  
delete  
 SERVICE_ACCT 
  
 \ 
--instance = 
 INSTANCE_NAME

    REST v1

    The following request uses the users.delete method to delete the specified user account.

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • PROJECT_ID : Your project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : The desired instance ID
    • USERNAME : The email address for the user or service account

    HTTP method and URL:

    DELETE https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users?host=&name= USERNAME

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",
  "operationType": "DELETE_USER",
  "name": " OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetId": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/operations/ OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetProject": " PROJECT_ID 
"
}

    REST v1beta4

    The following request uses the users.delete method to delete the specified user account.

    Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

    • PROJECT_ID : Your project ID
    • INSTANCE_ID : The desired instance ID
    • USERNAME : The email address for the user or service account

    HTTP method and URL:

    DELETE https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
/users?host=&name= USERNAME

    To send your request, expand one of these options:

    You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

    {
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/instances/ INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",
  "operationType": "DELETE_USER",
  "name": " OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetId": " INSTANCE_ID 
",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/ PROJECT_ID 
/operations/ OPERATION_ID 
",
  "targetProject": " PROJECT_ID 
"
}

    Remove IAM group members from a Cloud SQL instance

    There are two ways to remove IAM group members from a Cloud SQL instance:

    • Automatic removal
    • Manual removal

    To remove an IAM group member, you need to remove their membership from the applicable IAM groups in Cloud Identity. After the IAM group users have lost membership to all the applicable groups in Cloud Identity, Cloud SQL removes those group users from the instance automatically. The only exception to this removal are group users who own database objects. These group users must be manually removed.

    Changes to group membership, such as the addition or removal of a member, take about 15 minutes to propagate. The 15 minute propagation delay from Cloud SQL happens in parallel with the time required for IAM changes to propagate .

    In cases where an IAM group user can't be removed automatically, you can manually remove them. You can't manually remove an IAM group user from a Cloud SQL instance by using gcloud CLI, Google Cloud console, Terraform, or the Cloud SQL Admin API. Instead, database users with superuser privileges can manually delete IAM group users from the Cloud SQL instance using a DROP USER statement from a PostgreSQL client.

    After you manually remove an IAM group user from the Cloud SQL instance, make sure that you also remove them from the IAM group in Cloud Identity to prevent further logins to the Cloud SQL instance.

    Delete an IAM group from a Cloud SQL instance

    You can delete the added IAM groups from the Cloud SQL instance. After you delete an IAM group from the instance, all users and service accounts that belong to the IAM group lose any database privileges that were granted to the IAM group. In addition, the following conditions apply:

    • The users and service accounts that belong to the IAM group are still able to log in until the cloudsql.instances.login IAM permission is removed from the group.
    • If the deletion of a group results in the IAM group user or service accounts belonging to no other groups on the instance, then Cloud SQLremoves the IAM group user or service accounts from the instance.
    • However, if an IAM group user owns a database object on the instance, then you must reassign ownership of the object before you can drop the user manually .

    If you delete all IAM groups from a Cloud SQL instance, then all the IAM group users and service accounts lose all their database privileges. In addition, the following conditions apply:

    • All IAM group users and service accounts are unable to login to the instance.
    • Cloud SQL also removes all IAM group users and service accounts from the instance automatically.
    • However, if an IAM group user owns a database object on the instance, then you must reassign ownership of the object before you can drop the user manually .

    Console

    1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

      Go to Cloud SQL Instances

    2. To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
    3. Select Usersfrom the SQL navigation menu.
    4. Click for the group you want to remove.
    5. Select Remove. This revokes access to this instance only.

    gcloud

    To delete a Cloud Identity group from an instance, use the gcloud sql users delete command.

    Replace the following:

    • GROUP_NAME : the first part of the email address of the Cloud Identity group. For example, using the email address example-group@example.com , the Cloud Identity group name is example-group .
    • INSTANCE_NAME : the name of the Cloud SQL instance with the Cloud Identity group you want to delete.
    gcloud  
sql  
users  
delete  
 GROUP_NAME 
  
 \ 
  
--instance = 
 INSTANCE_NAME

    If you revoke the cloudsql.instanceUser role from an IAM group, then all members of the group lose the ability to log in to any Cloud SQL instance in the project. The users or service accounts can only log into instances if they are members of another IAM group that still has login permissions.

    To revoke a role from a Cloud Identity group, see Revoke a single role .

    Remove users from an IAM group

    IAM group members such as users or service accounts can be removed from the IAM group in Cloud Identity.

    After the removal has propagated through IAM, the user can no longer log in to the database unless they have received login permissions from another group or are directly granted login privileges. In addition, users removed from a group lose the database privileges of the group.

    If an IAM group user doesn't belong to any groups on the instance, then Cloud SQL automatically removes the user from the instance. However, if Cloud SQL detects that an IAM group user owns an object on the instance, then Cloud SQL doesn't remove the user. An administrator must reassign ownership of the object and manually remove the user .

    You can enable audit logs to capture IAM logins to the database. When there are login issues, you can use the audit logs to diagnose the problem.

    Once configured, you can view Data Access audit logs of successful logins using the Logs Explorer.

    For IAM group authentication, audit logs display the activity and logins for individual user and service accounts.

    For example, a log might have information similar to the following:

     {
 insertId: "..."
 logName: "projects/.../logs/cloudaudit.googleapis.com%2Fdata_access"
 protoPayload: {
  @type: "type.googleapis.com/google.cloud.audit.AuditLog"
  authenticationInfo: {
   principalEmail: "..."
  }
  authorizationInfo: [
   0: {
    granted: true
    permission: "cloudsql.instances.login"
    resource: "instances/..."
    resourceAttributes: {
    }
   }
  ]
  methodName: "cloudsql.instances.login"
  request: {
   @type: "type.googleapis.com/google.cloud.sql.authorization.v1.InstancesLoginRequest"
   clientIpAddress: "..."
   database: "..."
   databaseSessionId: ...
   instance: "projects/.../locations/us-central1/instances/..."
   user: "..."
  }
  requestMetadata: {
   callerIp: "..."
   destinationAttributes: {
   }
   requestAttributes: {
    auth: {
    }
    time: "..."
   }
  }
  resourceName: "instances/..."
  serviceName: "cloudsql.googleapis.com"
  status: {
  }
 }
 receiveTimestamp: "..."
 resource: {
  labels: {
   database_id: "...:..."
   project_id: "..."
   region: "us-central"
  }
  type: "cloudsql_database"
 }
 severity: "INFO"
 timestamp: "..."
}

    When an attempt to log in fails, PostgreSQL returns a minimal error message for security reasons. For example:

     PGPASSWORD=not-a-password psql --host=... --username=... --dbname=...
psql: error: could not connect to server: FATAL:  Cloud SQL IAM user authentication failed for user "..."
FATAL:  pg_hba.conf rejects connection for host "...", user "...", database "...", SSL off

    You can review the PostgreSQL error logs for more details about the error. For more information, see Viewing Logs .

    For example, for the previous error, the following log entry explains the action you can take to resolve the problem.

     F ... [152172]: [1-1] db=...,user=... FATAL:  Cloud SQL IAM user authentication failed for user "..."
I ... [152172]: [2-1] db=...,user=... DETAIL:  Request is missing required authentication credential. Expected OAuth 2 access token, log in cookie or other valid authentication credential. See https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/devconsole-project.

    Check the error message you receive. If the message does not indicate that you used "Cloud SQL IAM user authentication" or "Cloud SQL IAM service account authentication," verify that the database user type used to log in is either CLOUD_IAM_USER or CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT . You can use the Google Cloud console or the gcloud sql users list command to check this. For an IAM user, verify that the database username is the IAM user's email.

    If you used IAM database authentication, check the details of the error message. You can find the error message in the database error log. If it indicates the access token (OAuth 2.0) you sent as a password was invalid, you can use the gcloud auth application-default print-access-token gcloud command to find details of the token, as follows:

    curl  
-H  
 "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" 
  
 \ 
-d  
 "access_token= 
 $( 
gcloud  
auth  
application-default  
print-access-token ) 
 " 
  
 \ 
https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/tokeninfo

    Verify that the token is for the intended IAM user or service account and has not expired.

    If the details indicate a lack of permission, then verify the IAM user or service account is granted the cloudsql.instances.login permission using the predefined Cloud SQL Instance User role or custom role in the IAM policy of the instance's project. Use the IAM Policy Troubleshooter for additional help.

    If a login fails due to IAM database authentication unavailability, the user can log in using the default PostgreSQL user and password. This method of logging in still gives the user access to the entire database. Verify that the connection is a secured connection.

    Troubleshoot user accounts that use IAM group authentication

    This section lists troubleshooting scenarios for IAM group authentication.

    Failure to add a group to a database

    When you attempt to add a group to an instance, you receive the following error:

    (gcloud.sql.users.create) HTTPError 400: Invalid request: Provided CLOUD_IAM_GROUP: EMAIL 
, does not exist.

    Make sure the email address that you provided is a valid group.

    If the group doesn't exist yet, then create the group. For more information about creating groups, see Create and manage Google groups in the Google Cloud console .

    If you receive the following error:

    (gcloud.sql.users.create) HTTPError 400: Invalid request: IAM Group Authentication is disabled.

    Then before you can use IAM group authentication, your Cloud SQL instance requires the following maintenance update:

    R20240514.00_04 or later

    You can apply the maintenance update to your instance by using self-service maintenance. For more information, see Perform self-service maintenance .

    An existing IAM user or service account isn't inheriting the database privileges granted to their IAM group

    If an existing IAM user or service account isn't inheriting the correct database privileges of their group, then complete the following steps:

    1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the IAMpage.

      Go to IAM

      Verify that the account is a member of the group added to the Cloud SQL instance.

    2. List the users and service accounts on the instance.

      gcloud  
sql  
users  
list  
--instance = 
 INSTANCE_NAME

      In the output, check whether the user or service account is listed as a CLOUD_IAM_USER or a CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT .

    3. If the user or service account is listed as a CLOUD_IAM_USER or a CLOUD_IAM_SERVICE_ACCOUNT , then remove the account from the instance. The account you are removing is an individual IAM account which doesn't inherit database privileges of the group.

    4. Log in again to the instance with the user or service account.

      Logging in again to the instance re-creates the account with the correct account type of CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_USER or CLOUD_IAM_GROUP_SERVICE_ACCOUNT .

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