新潟車両センター所属の485系リニューアル車(3000番台) Refurbished 485 Series belonging to Niigata Railyard
サシ481形の改造車 24系客車「北斗星」用編成の食堂車スシ24形 Sushi 24 dining carriage of 24 Series sleeper passenger carriage for "Hokutosei" converted from Sashi 481 of 485 Series
On June 19th, 2016, 485 Series Sen A-1・A-2 set, which had a pail-orange-and-red-coloured body, traditional colour of the carriages for limited express train in Japan National Railway (JNR) period, and last one in service, retired. Three months had passed since all 485 Series sets' retirement from regular operations of limited express trains on JR Lines.
485 Series debuted in 1968 and was designed as the carriage capable of the operations on all electrified JNR lines, available to DC, 50Hz AC, and 60Hz AC, based on 151 Series, the first electric carriage for limited express train in Japan known as "Kodama" between Tokyo and Osaka or Kobe before opening Shinkansen. Fully using its specification, the carriages used to run all over Japan, the northernmost was "Ishikari" in Hokkaido and the southernmost was "Kirishima" in Kyushu, and created the golden age of limited express trains after World War Two.
485 Series family, including 481 Series, designed for DC and 60Hz AC electrified lines and built the basement of 485 Series, 483 Series, done for DC and 50Hz AC, and 489 Series, improved model available to coupling with Class EF63 electric locomotive for going up and down steep slope on Shinetsu Main Line, were totally built 1,453 carriages between 1964 and 1979.
The history of 485 Series family started when 481 Series debuted as "Raicho" limited express between Osaka Station and Toyama Station and "Shirasagi" limited express between Nagoya Station and Toyama Station on December 25th, 1964. In the following year, 483 Series also debuted as "Hibari" limited express between Ueno Station and Sendai Station.
On October 1st, 1965, the same day as 483 Series' debut, 481 Series also started to operate as "Tsubame" limited express between Nagoya Station and Kumamoto Station and "Hato" limited express between Shin-osaka Station and Hakata Station. Since that, a 481 Series set continuously operated. One day it first ran as "Raicho" from Osaka, next as "Shirasagi" from Toyama. Passing a night at Nagoya Station, it went to Kumamoto Station as "Tsubame". These operations lead pervasive use of 485 Series family.
As the area 481 Series ran spread, JNR faced the problem of the electric power supply, the difference of the frequency between east Japan (50Hz) and West Japan (60Hz) bounded by Fujikawa-Itoigawa Line.To prepare for the train running through both 50Hz and 60Hz AC-electrified lines and mutual transfer between the railyard on the different frequency sections, 485 Series was designed and debuted on October 1st, 1968.
It was said that the train made the best use of 485 Series' specification capable of all electrified sections was "Hakucho" limited express between Osaka Station and Aomori Station via Tokaido Main Line, Kosei Line, Hokuriku Main Line (including present IR Ishikawa Railway, Ainokaze Toyama Railway, and Echigo Tokimeki Railway Nihonkai Hisui Lines), Shinetsu Main Line, Hakushin Line, Uetsu Main Line, and Ouu Main Lines, which was the longest (1,040km/646.226mi) distance among successive JNR and JR limited express trains until 2001. On that time, Osaka Station on Tokaido Line and Nagahara Station on Kosei Line and Itoigawa Station on Hokuriku Main Line and Murakami Station on Uetsu Main Line were DC-electrified, Nagahara and Itoigawa Station on Hokuriku Main Line was 60Hz AC-electrified, and between Murakami and Aomori on Ouu Main Line was 50Hz AC-electrified.
However, the golden age of 485 Series family didn't last so long. As Shinkansen was extended to the westward and northward, the limited express trains overlapped with Shinkansen gradually decreased. At first when Shinkansen was extended to Hakata Station in 1975, all of limited express trains operated by 485 Series between Shin-osaka, Osaka, or Okayama Station toward Kyushu area ended to run and the carriages transferred to those only on Kyushu such as "Ariake" limited express (Moji Station or Hakata Station - Nishi-kagoshima (present Kagoshima-chuo Station) via Kagoshima Main Line (including present Hisatsu Orange Railway Line)) and "Nichirin" limited express (Hakata - Nishi-kagoshima via Nippo Main Line). Following that, when Tohoku Shinkansen between Omiya Station and Morioka Station and Joetsu Shinkansen between Omiya Station and Niigata Station opened in 1982 and they were extended to Ueno Station in 1985, almost all of limited express trains on Tohoku Main Line from/to Ueno Station ended or shortened its service. For example, "Hibari", "Yamabiko" (Ueno - Morioka), and "Yamabato" (Ueno - Yamagata via Ouu Main Line) were abolished, and "Hatsukari" (Ueno - Aomori) was shortened between Morioka and Aomori and "Inaho" (Ueno - Akita or Aomori via Takasaki, Joetsu, Shinetsu, Uetsu, and Ouu Lines) was between Niigata to Sakata, Akita, or Aomori via Hakushin, Uetsu, and Ouu Lines. At the same time, the daytime limited express trains coupling the dining carriage (Sashi 481) completely disappeared and the dining carriages were scrapped except the ones converted to the other use until 1987.
After the privatization of JNR in 1987, 485 Series family were inherited to JR Hokkaido, JR East, JR West, and JR Kyushu and kept in service as JNR period. The dining carriage inherited to JR Hokkaido was converted to that (Sushi 24) for "Hokutosei" sleeper train (Ueno - Sapporo). However, 20 or 30 years had passed since many of 485 Series family carriages built in the 1990s and they started to be replaced by newly-made models.
After entering the 21st century, the number of limited express trains by 485 Series family kept being decreased. In 2001, As already stated, "Hakucho" finished its service and "Raicho" shortened to between Osaka and Kanazawa. On the other hand, in 2002 "Hakucho" (Hachinohe - Hakodate) and "Tsugaru" (Hachinohe - Hirosaki), in 2006 "Nikko" (Shinjuku - Tobu-nikko) and "Kinugawa" (Shinjuku - Kinugawa-onsen) started to run by 485 Series.
In 2010, the first long-nosed model of 485 Series family finished its regular operation. The last one was "Noto" overnight express by 489 Series.
In 2011, decisive events to lead the complete retirement happened. On March 11, "Raicho", the first train 485 Series family was introduced, finished its service and all of the ones in Kyushu area retired from regular operation such as "Hyuga" and "Kirishima", both of which were introduced the 787 Series moved from "Relay Tsubame". Following that, the one for "Tsugaru" (Shin-aomori - Hirosaki) was by E751 Series, and on June 4th the one for "Nikko", and "Kinugawa" were replaced by 253 Series.
The last three trains by 485 Series were "Inaho", "Hokuetsu" (Kanazawa - Niigata), and "Hakucho" (Shin-aomori - Hakodate), but they also finished their service influenced by newly open of Shinkansen or replacement by a new carriage by March, 2016.
Then June 19th, 2016, the last day of the traditional-coloured 485 Series had come. The last traditional-coloured set, Sen A-1・A-2, used to run as "Aizu" special limited express or "Aizu Liner" rapid train on Banetsu West Line. Though it once changed its body colour to the red withAkabeko(traditional toy of the red cow) illustration and its interior was refurbished, it was repainted to the traditional body colour in 2011. Some railfans regard the retirement of this traditional colour of the carriages for the limited express train since 151 Series' debut in 1958 as the end of a certain era on the Japanese railway history.
Several carriages in the traditional colour are preserving in railway museums and a park, such as The Railway Museum (long-nosed Kuha 481 and Moha 484), Niigata City Niitsu Railway Museum (non-penetration style Kuha 481), Kyushu Railway History Museum (long-nosed Kuha 481), Kyoto Railway Museum (long-nosed Kuha 489), and Doihara Bonnet Place in Ishikawa Prefecture (long-nosed Kuha 489).
Finally, the 52-year history of 485 Series family might be transmitted by word of mouth.