National Art Library(ナショナル・アート・ライブラリー)書庫の外壁。 右手の背の高い木製書架は図書館の実物の書庫、左手の白い展示ケースと “Sustainability and Subversion”のサインはデザイン・ギャラリーのテーマ展示の一部。 二層構成になっており、上階は鋳鉄手すりの回廊、天井からシャンデリア
「Design 1900–Now」ギャラリー通路から見た、National Art Library (ナショナル・アート・ライブラリー)書庫の外壁。
右側:John Madejski Garden 左側:National Art Library(ナショナル・アート・ライブラリー)の入口 金文字「NATIONAL ART LIBRARY」扉はこの左壁沿い(写真フレーム外)にあった。 前方:西(Room 74 側)
Labels for the objects in this case are in a booklet to the right of the case.
Vases were a very important element of the Neo-classical style. The pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood, who could hardly make them fast enough, spoke of“vasemania”. They appeared as three-dimensional objects and as decorative motifs. Vase forms also influenced the shape of practical items of all sorts, from tea canistersto candlesticks. Designers plundered sources far and wide for new designs, from Greekpottery to 16th- and 17th-century prints.」
The basic design of this State Coach was intended to reflect Britain’s [power] underthe new King George III. In the decoration by William Chambers, [painted] panels by Giovanni Cipriani and carving by Joseph Wilton show [sea-gods] and figures of[Tritons] symbolising sea-power. The coach has been used since 1762 and is still used on important ceremonial occasions.
Gilded and painted wood, metal, silk, leather and velvet upholstery
Designed by William Chambers (born in Gothenburg, Sweden, 1723–1796); painted by Giovanni Battista Cipriani (Italian, 1727–1785); carving by Joseph Wilton(British, 1722–1803); coach built by Samuel Butler (British, active 1749–1798). Commissioned for the Office of the [King’s/Works] for the [Coronation] of George III; completed in 1762. This model was made c.1760.
「32 PART OF THE GLASS DRAWING ROOM, NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE, LONDON
Designed from 1770; made 1773–1775
This panelling was from the glittering drawing room, panelled entirely in glass, that the architect Robert Adam designed for the 1st Duke and Duchess of Northumberland at their London house in the Strand. The scheme was based on the richly ornamentedi nteriors of ancient and modern Rome. Adam used glass backed with coloured pigments and metal foils to imitate the porphyry of Roman decoration and copied plaster and painted decoration in gilded metal, cast from moulds.
This pier glass was made in Rome between 1770 and 1771 for Robert Adam, one of the most fashionable architects in England. It was designed for the glass drawing room at Northumberland House, London. The richly carved and gilded frame was made by Seffer in Alken, one of the best carvers in London in the 18th century.
In the last twenty years of the 18th century Ireland developed a thriving glass industry, which supplied its own markets as well as those of Britain. Mirrors set with a cut-glass chandelier were an Irish speciality. The Neo-classical style, with its emphasis on glitter and small-scale detail, was particularly suited to the decoration of cut-glass for lighting.
・入り口横のパネルには「Developments in the Metal Trades 1740–1840(1740〜1840年の 金属産業の発展)」などの展示解説が掲示されており、産業革命期の英国を象徴する工芸品 (シェフィールド・プレート、カット・スティール、ブリタニア・メタルなど)が 紹介されていた。
「WHAT WAS NEW?
Developments in the Metal Trades 1740–1840
Between 1740 and 1840 the metal trades expanded dramatically. New materials were energetically exploited and new techniques of manufacture and marketing were applied.
These advances resulted in a wide range of cheaper goods. The search for cheap substitutes for silver led to the invention of Sheffield plate, made from copper with a fine layer of silver. Alloys such as Britannia metal and Pakfong, a golden-coloured metal from China, were also used. Japanning imitated lacquer with paint. Brittly goodsand jewellery were decorated with cut steel that sparkled like diamonds.
The use of labour-saving machinery meant that goods could easily be made in standard forms. These goods could then be exported and sold throughout the world.」
Many British collectors developed a taste for classical sculpture during the Grand Tour of the mid-18th through Europe as young men. On their return, the owners created specially designed settings for the sculptures they had bought, either in their London or their country houses.
Such interiors could often be seen at Holkham Hall in Norfolk, where the Sculpture Gallery was established in the 1750s. At Syon House, Robert Adam designed a sculpture gallery during the 1760s.
In the early 19th century, a new interest in contemporary sculpture, in the classical style, developed, aimed at the decoration of fashionable domestic interiors. In Britain, the leading sculptor was Antonio Canova’s pupil, Antonio d’Este, who produced idealised marble sculptures of mythological subjects.」
This large service is characteristic of the extensive and richly decorated porcelain that was available to an increasingly wide range of buyers during this period. Marketing through London showrooms played an important role in the selling of such ensembles. Massed displays were a familiar sight to the visiting public as in the Wedgwood showroom illustrated on the left.
Porcelain
Made by the Spode Factory, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire」
Mirror of this type became popular in about 1790. Various examples were illustrated in George Smith's Collection of Designs for Household Furniture and Interior Decoration, published in 1808. This example shows how various details such as the eagle and the acanthus leaf were added to a basic circular mirror.
Mary Linwood (1756–1845) was famous for exhibiting her crewel wool needlework copies of old master paintings in her gallery in Leicester Square, London. Linwood's enterprise was an example of how the luxury goods trades began to use similar techniques of display to those used for high art, attracting customers with public exhibitions.
「TEAPOY The teapoy became popular in about 1800 as a table with receptacles for tea. This example is close to the design included in Peter and Michael Angelo Nicholson’s Practical Cabinet-maker, published in 1826. A copy is displayed nearby. Such pattern books not only provided designs for cabinet-makers but also influenced popular taste. Carved mahogany By an unknown British maker Purchased with the assistance of the Brigadier Clark Fund Museum no. W.16-1973」
George Bullock used British woods and British marbles, but he often worked for export. One of his major commissions was for the British Government who furnished the house on St Helena in which Napoleon was held captive after the Battle of Waterloo.
Pollard oak veneer with ebonised and gilt gesso details; light fittings of glass and silvered metal
Designed by George Bullock (born in 1782 or 1783, died in London, 1818) and made in his London workshop
Museum nos. W.62A-1887 (torchere), W.62B-1887 (sconce)」
Gothic, the dominant style of architecture and decoration in the Middle Ages, became the most popular revival style in Britain in the 19th century. The Victorians used it not just for churches but for every type of building, including houses, railway stationsand banks.
The characteristic Gothic motifs of pointed arches, spires and turrets were also applied to domestic objects such as clocks and jewel plates. Designers created richly coloured patterns for fabrics and wallpapers based on the complex decoration found in Medieval stained glass and on ancient textiles.
To its supporters Gothic was a morally superior style. They saw it as both British and Christian, unlike the foreign and pagan styles of classical Greece and Rome.」
「Religion in Britain 1800–1900 In 1800 the Church of England, the established church, exercised a unique power. Methodists and other Protestants, Roman Catholics, members of other faiths and atheists all faced obstacles to education, professional advancement and public office. The Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829 is the best known of many changes in the law that marked the development of religious freedom and led to the gradual removal of bars to education or employment on religious grounds.Religion in 19th century Britain was fiercely debated and different groups held stronglyopposing views. All religious groups were active in building churches, chapels, meetinghouses or synagogues to provide for the spiritual needs of existing communities and for those that were developing in the expanding cities. Religion also became the spurto many programmes of social care for the poor. Religious observance came to be seen as a mark of respectability and individuals and communities spent large amounts on building and decorating their places of worship.」
During the 19th century there was a powerful religious revival in Britain and many churches were built. As new laws increasingly guaranteed religious freedom, all Christian denominations took up the challenge of producing new churches for a population that was growing rapidly, particularly in the cities.
Different groups held strongly opposed views on what was appropriate for the architecture and decoration of churches. Roman Catholics and some Anglicans saw rich decoration and furnishings as important elements of worship.Other denominations favoured plainness both in buildings and services.
Artists, architects, and in particular A.W.N. Pugin designed both churches and their complete contents. As demand increased, specialist suppliers such as Cox & Sons (established 1837) and Jones & Willis (established 1855) church furnishings could be ordered from published catalogues.」