Jenner was an English physician and pupil of John Hunter, a pioneer in comparative anatomy and morphology(形態学). Jenner's invaluable experiments, beginning in 1796 with the vaccination of eight-year-old James Phipps, proved that cowpox(牛痘)provided immunity against smallpox(天然痘). His discovery was instrumental in ridding many areas of the world of a dread disease and laid the foundations of modern immunology as a science.